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1.
Univ. psychol ; 13(4): 1245-1254, oct.-dic. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-751229

ABSTRACT

Wagner (1978) propuso que la habituación, definida como una disminución en la respuesta a un estímulo que se repite, dependería de la formación de una asociación entre el contexto y el estímulo. Según este enfoque, la habituación debería ser contexto-específica, es decir, la respuesta habituada en un contexto debería deshabituarse al presentar el estímulo en un contexto novedoso. Esta hipótesis fue examinada a través de un experimento donde se sometió a un grupo de estudiantes a una sesión de habituación consistente en 60 repeticiones de un estímulo provocador de reacciones de parpadeo y aceleración cardiaca. Posteriormente, en una sesión de prueba se midió la amplitud de estas respuestas, presentando el estímulo en el mismo contexto (Grupo Igual) o en un contexto distinto a aquel donde ocurrió la habituación (Grupo Diferente). Los resultados de la prueba arrojaron evidencia de especificidad contextual diferencial para ambas respuestas, ya que la respuesta de aceleración cardiaca resultó disminuida en el grupo igual pero no en el grupo diferente (revelando especificidad), mientras que la respuesta de parpadeo estuvo igualmente disminuida en ambos grupos (revelando ausencia de especificidad). Estos hallazgos confirman observaciones previas con ratas que demuestran que el control contextual de la habituación depende de la naturaleza de la respuesta.


Wagner (1978) proposed that habituation, defined as a decrease in responding to a repeated stimulus, would depend on the formation of an association between the stimulus and the context. According to this approach, habitua-tion should be context-specific; that is, a response that was habituated in a given context should dishabituate when the stimulus is presented in a novel context. This hypothesis was examined in an experiment in which a group of students received a habituation session consisting of 60 repetitions of a stimulus capable of evoking eyeblink and heart-rate acceleration reactions. Subsequently, in a testing session the amplitude of these responses was examined by presenting the stimulus in the same context used in the habituation session (Group Same) or in an alternative context (Group Different). The results provided evidence of differential context-specificity for the two responses, since the heart-rate acceleration response was diminished in the group same but not in the group different (revealing specificity), while the eyeblink response was diminished in both groups (revealing no specificity). These findings are consistent with previous observations in rats demonstrating that the contextual control of habituation depends on the nature of the measured response.


Subject(s)
Psychology , Learning
2.
Univ. psychol ; 13(spe5): 2059-2068, dic. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-751290

ABSTRACT

Amanda Labarca fue una connotada educadora chilena que vivió entre los años 1886 y 1975, cuya contribución e influencia a la psicología ha sido recientemente reconocida en Chile. El presente trabajo se propone dar a conocer sus antecedentes biográficos y académicos, por medio de una revisión documental, para luego contextualizar el entramado sociopolítico de la época. Finalmente, se describen sus principales referencias psicológicas en el ámbito educativo. En su transitar, viajó constantemente a Estados Unidos empapándose del trabajo de William James y John Dewey, dos de sus principales maestros, a quienes admiró y dio a conocer sus teorías.


Amanda Labarca was a renowned teacher that was born in 1886 and died in 1975. She was the first female university teacher in Chile. Her contribution and influence in psychology have been recently recognised. The objective of the present work is to show her personal and academic history by means of an evidence review, to provide a context for the socio-political period. Finally, her main psychological references, regarding the educational area, are described. Due to her frequent visits to USA, she was steeped in William James and John Dewey's work, her main masters, to whom she admired and tried to spread their theories.


Subject(s)
Psychology/history , Teaching , Chile
3.
Biol. Res ; 44(3): 295-299, 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-608626

ABSTRACT

In an experiment we examined whether the repeated presentation of tones of gradually increasing intensities produces greater decrement in the eyeblink reflex response in humans than the repetition of tones of constant intensities. Two groups of participants matched for their initial level of response were exposed to 110 tones of 100-ms duration. For the participants in the incremental group, the tones increased from 60- to 90- dB in 3-dB steps, whereas participants in the constant group received the tones at a fixed 90-dB intensity. The results indicated that the level of response in the last block of 10 trials, in which both groups received 90-dB tones, was significantly lower in the incremental group than in the constant group. These findings support the data presented by Davis and Wagner (7) with the acoustic response in rats, but differ from several reports with autonomic responses in humans, where the advantage of the incremental condition has not been observed unambiguously. The discussion analyzes theoretical approaches to this phenomenon and the possible involvement of separate neural circuits.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Blinking/physiology , Habituation, Psychophysiologic , Reflex, Startle/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation , Galvanic Skin Response/physiology
4.
Ter. psicol ; 28(1): 55-67, jul. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-577541

ABSTRACT

En dos experimentos, estudiantes universitarios aprendieron una relación predictiva entre un evento y una consecuencia, la que posteriormente fue extinguida presentando el evento sin la consecuencia. En el Experimento 1, se presentó la consecuencia por sí sola después de la extinción, ocasionando la reaparición de la relación predictiva aprendida originalmente, asemejándose al fenómeno del condicionamiento Pavloviano conocido como "reinstalación". Este experimento demostró además, que no es necesario apelar a asociaciones inhibitorias para explicar la reinstalación, sino que solamente a asociaciones excitatorias entre el contexto y la consecuencia. El Experimento 2 confirmó la generalidad de estos hallazgos utilizando otro procedimiento de aprendizaje causal. Se discuten estos hallazgos en términos de las diferencias entre el aprendizaje causal y el condicionamiento Pavloviano y de la posible existencia de dos mecanismos alternativos de extinción: desaprendizaje para extinguir asociaciones no consolidadas e inhibición para las consolidadas.


In two experiments, undergraduates learned a predictive relationship between an event and a consequence, which was subsequently extinguished by presenting the event without the consequence. In Experiment 1, participants were exposed to the consequence by itself after extinction, occasioning the reappearance of the originally learned predictive relationship, resembling a phenomenon known as Reinstatement in the field of Pavlovian conditioning. This experiment further demonstrated that reinstatement can be explained without appealing to inhibitory associations, but only by mean of excitatory associations between the context and the consequence. Experiment 2 confirmed the generality of these findings using a different procedure of causal learning. The findings are discussed in terms of differences between Pavlovian conditioning and causal learning and of the possible existence of two mechanisms of extinction: unlearning to extinguish non consolidated associations and inhibition for the consolidated associations.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Association Learning , Causality , Conditioning, Psychological , Extinction, Psychological , Mental Recall , Models, Psychological , Neuropsychological Tests
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